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Cylinder seals were invented around 3500 BCE and came into use with the development of cuneiform writing. The seals retained their popularity through the Akkadian, Assyrian and late Babylonian eras. They were not only a mark of ownership but a form…

This chart (adapted from René Labat, Manuel D’Epigraphie Akkadienne: Signes, Syllabaire, Ideogrammes) shows the development of classical Akkadian syllabic cuneiform from older Sumerian pictographs and logograms. The first column on the left gives the…

Dr. James Henry Stevenson studied and translated contract texts from the British Museum, which are written in Assyrian and Babylonian cuneiform along with Aramaic inscriptions. Stevenson admits the cuneiform is difficult, but the Aramaic is far…